Prevention of unplanned endotracheal extubation in intensive care unit: An overview of systematic reviews.

AIMS: This study was performed to identify and summarize systematic reviews focusing on the prevention of unplanned endotracheal extubation in the intensive care unit. DESIGN: Overview of systematic reviews. METHODS: This overview was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Systematic Reviews, including the harms checklist. A literature search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAH, Embase, Web of Science, SINOMED and PROSPERO was performed from January 1, 2005-June 1, 2021. A systematic review focusing on unplanned extubation was included, resulting in an evidence summary. RESULTS: Thirteen systematic reviews were included. A summary of evidence on unplanned endotracheal extubation was developed, and the main contents were risk factors, preventive measures and prognosis. The most important nursing measures were restraint, fixation of the tracheal tube, continuous quality improvement, psychological care and use of a root cause analysis for the occurrence of unplanned endotracheal extubation. CONCLUSIONS: This overview re-evaluated risk factors and preventive measures for unplanned endotracheal extubation in the intensive care unit, resulting in a summary of evidence for preventing unplanned endotracheal extubation and providing direction for future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: The study was registered on the PROSPERO website.

A pessoa sob ventilação invasiva: a intervenção de enfermagem de reabilitação no desmame ventilatório / The person under invasive ventilation: rehabilitation nursing intervention in ventilatory weaning

Neste Relatório de Estágio encontra-se a descrição e análise reflexiva do percurso de desenvolvimento de competências especializadas de Enfermagem de Reabilitação, efetuado durante a prestação de cuidados à pessoa a vivenciar processos complexos de saúde-doença, nomeadamente a pessoa sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. Nos últimos anos, o envelhecimento da população e o aumento de doenças crónicas aliado ao desenvolvimento científico, conduziu a uma crescente necessidade de unidades de cuidados intensivos, sendo o recurso a ventilação mecânica invasiva a principal causa de internamento. Contudo, o seu uso prolongado assume-se atualmente como um problema real, associado ao desenvolvimento de complicações multissistémicas, que levam ao declínio da capacidade funcional e diminuição da qualidade de vida, com expressão no aumento de tempo de internamento e das taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. O presente relatório de estágio tem como objetivo evidenciar o desenvolvimento de competências especializadas na área de Enfermagem de Reabilitação, no cuidado à pessoa sob ventilação invasiva. Neste contexto, o Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação detém competências que lhe permitem implementar planos de cuidados multidimensionais, centrados na pessoa e família, que visem particularmente as alterações respiratórias e neuromusculares, com o objetivo de prevenir, minimizar e controlar eventuais complicações, melhorar a capacidade funcional e adaptar ao défice residual. O processo crítico e reflexivo das competências específicas de Enfermeiro Especialista de Enfermagem de Reabilitação desenvolvidas neste percurso, foi norteado pela Teoria Geral do Défice de Autocuidado de Dorothea Orem, bem como por uma revisão narrativa da literatura. As experiências vivenciadas na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocríticos e Equipa de Cuidados Continuados Integrados, permitiram a realização de um conjunto de atividades que deu resposta ao objetivo delineado.

This internship report contains the description and reflective analysis regarding the route of development of specialized competences of Rehabilitation Nursing, performed during the rendering of care to the person experiencing complex processes of healthdisease, namely to the person placed under invasive mechanical ventilation. During the last few years, the aging of the population and the increase in chronical illnesses, allied to scientific development, has led to an increasing need for intensive care, the recourse to invasive mechanical ventilation being the principal cause of inpatient treatment. Currently, its prolonged use assumes itself as a real problem, associated to the development of multisystemic complications, which lead to the decline of functional capacity and decrease of quality of life, which is expressed in the increase of time spent in inpatient treatment and in morbidity and mortality rates. This internship report aims to highlight the development of specialized skills in the area of Rehabilitation Nursing in the care of the person under invasive ventilation. In this context, the Rehabilitation Nursing Specialist Nurse possesses capabilities which allow them to implement multidimensional care plans, centered on the person and their family, particularly contemplating respiratory and neuromuscular alterations, with the goal of preventing, minimizing and controlling eventual complications, bettering functional capacity and adapting to the residual deficit. The critical and reflexive process of the specific competences of the Rehabilitation Nursing Specialist Nurse developed in this course was guided by the General Theory of Deficit of Self-Care by Dorothea Orem, as well as by a narrative revision of the literature. The experiences lived in the Neurocritical Intensive Care Unit and the Team of Integrated Continual Care has allowed for the performance of a number of activities that met the outlined goals.

Reeducação funcional da pessoa em situação de ventilação mecânica invasiva / Functional reeducation of the person in situation of invasive mechanical ventilation

A ventilação mecânica invasiva é uma terapêutica de assistência ventilatória artificial com inúmeros benefícios, no entanto, não é inócua, pelo que a sua utilização acarreta complicações associadas à via aérea artificial, à imobilidade prolongada no leito e às sequelas relacionadas com a sedação, com impacto socioeconómico e na qualidade de vida da pessoa. Identificou-se assim a necessidade de investigar a efetividade da intervenção do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação face à pessoa em situação de ventilação mecânica invasiva, pelo que foi elaborada uma revisão narrativa da literatura para dar resposta à pergunta de investigação: "Quais as intervenções do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação na Reeducação Funcional da Pessoa em Situação de ventilação mecânica invasiva na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos?". Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Cinahl e Medline, utilizando os descritores, Mechanical Ventilation; Rehabilitation Nursing/MM"Rehabilitation Nursing"; Pulmonary Rehabilitation/MM"Rehabilitation, Pulmonary+"; Rehabilitation/MM"Rehabilitation+"; Intensive Care Units/MM"Intensive Care Units+". Para obter um quadro de referência para a prática no âmbito da problemática em estudo definiram-se os objetivos de estágio e foram escolhidos dois contextos clínicos distintos, onde foi possível desenvolver um conjunto de atividades que permitiram atingir esses objetivos, e assim contribuir para o desenvolvimento das competências do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação na prestação de cuidados. A atuação precoce do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação assume-se como uma prática segura e benéfica, com inúmeros benefícios em termos funcionais, psicológicos e socioeconómicos, permitindo aumentar a força da musculatura respiratória e esquelética, restaurar a capacidade funcional, diminuir a necessidade de novos internamentos, melhorar a perceção do estado de saúde e da qualidade de vida, contribuir para um menor défice funcional após a alta hospitalar, objetivando-se ganhos como a maior autonomia nas atividades de vida diária. Além disso, os estágios permitiram concluir o que a revisão da literatura evidenciava, sendo possível delinear planos de reabilitação. O presente relatório espelha o percurso de aprendizagem, ao longo do qual, foram mobilizados e articulados os conhecimentos teóricos com a prática, à luz da Teoria do Défice de Autocuidado de Dorothea Orem, num processo dinâmico de aprendizagem e construção de saberes, no sentido de estruturar uma identidade profissional como Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Reabilitação.

Invasive mechanical ventilation is an artificial ventilatory assistance therapy with numerous benefits, however, it is not innocuous, so its use entails complications associated with the artificial airway, prolonged immobility in bed and sequelae related to sedation, with an impact socio-economic and quality of life. Thus, it was identified the need to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention of the Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing towards the person in situation of invasive mechanical ventilation, for which reason a narrative review of the literature was elaborated to answer the research question: "What are the interventions of the Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing in the Functional Reeducation of the Person in a Situation of invasive mechanical ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit?". A bibliographic search was carried out in the Cinahl and Medline databases, using the descriptors, Mechanical Ventilation; Rehabilitation Nursing/MM"Rehabilitation Nursing"; Pulmonary Rehabilitation/MM"Rehabilitation, Pulmonary+"; Rehabilitation/MM"Rehabilitation+"; Intensive Care Units/MM"Intensive Care Units+". In order to obtain a reference framework for practice within the scope of the problem under study, the objectives of the internship were defined and two different clinical contexts were chosen, where it was possible to develop a set of activities that allowed achieving these objectives, and thus contributing to the development of the competences of the Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing in the provision of care. The early action of the Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing is assumed to be a safe and beneficial practice, with numerous benefits in functional, psychological and socioeconomic terms, allowing to increase the strength of the respiratory and skeletal muscles, restore functional capacity, reduce the need for new admissions, improve the perception of health status and quality of life, contribute to a lower functional deficit after hospital discharge, aiming at gains such as greater autonomy in activities of daily living. In addition, the internships allowed concluding what the literature review showed, making it possible to outline rehabilitation plans. This report demonstrate the learning path, along which theoretical knowledge was mobilized and articulated with practice, in the light of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory, in a dynamic process of learning and construction of knowledge, in the sense of structure a professional identity as a Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing.

Physical Rehabilitation in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Significant variability exists in physical rehabilitation modalities and dosage used in the ICU. Our objective was to investigate the effect of physical rehabilitation in ICU on patient outcomes, the impact of task-specific training, and the dose-response profile. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL plus databases was undertaken on the May 28, 2020. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials investigating physical rehabilitation commencing in the ICU in adults were included. Outcomes included muscle strength, physical function, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay, mortality, and health-related quality of life. Two independent reviewers assessed titles, abstracts, and full texts against eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Details on intervention for all groups were extracted using the template for intervention description and replication checklist. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixty trials were included, with a total of 5,352 participants. Random-effects pooled analysis showed that physical rehabilitation improved physical function at hospital discharge (standardized mean difference, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.00-0.44), reduced ICU length of stay by 0.8 days (mean difference, -0.80 d; 95% CI, -1.37 to -0.23 d), and hospital length of stay by 1.75 days (mean difference, -1.75 d; 95% CI, -3.03 to -0.48 d). Physical rehabilitation had no impact on the other outcomes. The intervention was more effective in trials where the control group received low-dose physical rehabilitation and in trials that investigated functional exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Physical rehabilitation in the ICU improves physical function and reduces ICU and hospital length of stay. However, it does not appear to impact other outcomes.

Monitorización de la presión esofágica durante la ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Esophageal pressure monitoring during mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la monitorización de la presión esofágica en pacientes adultos con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Diseño: Revisión sistemática (Registro PROSPERO CRD42018118583). Ámbito: Terapia intensiva. Cuidados críticos. Pacientes o participantes Adultos con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Intervenciones Monitorización de la presión esofágica. Variables de interés principales Mortalidad en terapia intensiva, días de hospitalización en terapia intensiva, días de ventilación mecánica, eventos adversos. Resultados Se incluyeron 4 estudios con 301 participantes. La monitorización de la presión esofágica durante la ventilación mecánica produciría poco o ningún efecto sobre la mortalidad en terapia intensiva a los 28 días (RR 0,74; IC 95% 0,31 a 1,76; participantes 261; estudios 2; I2: 68%), poca o ninguna diferencia en los días de hospitalización en terapia intensiva (DM 0,48; IC 95% −1,90 a 2,85; participantes 284; estudios 3; I2: 7%) o los eventos adversos (RR 0,74; IC 95% 0,50 a 1,09; participantes 261; estudios 2; I2: 0%). Existe incertidumbre sobre si la monitorización de la presión esofágica reduce los días de ventilación mecánica. Conclusiones La evidencia de certeza baja o muy baja indica que la monitorización de la presión esofágica durante la ventilación mecánica produciría poco o ningún efecto sobre la mortalidad en terapia intensiva, los días de hospitalización en terapia intensiva o ventilación mecánica y los eventos adversos. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effects of esophageal pressure monitoring in adult patients with mechanical ventilation requirements in the Intensive Care Unit. Design A systematic review (PROSPERO Register CRD42018118583) was carried out. Setting Intensive therapy. Critical care. Patients or participants Adults with mechanical ventilation requirement in the Intensive Care Unit. Interventions Esophageal pressure monitoring. Outcomes of interest Intensive Care Unit mortality and length of stay, mechanical ventilation days, adverse events. Results Four studies with 301 participants were included. Esophageal pressure monitoring during mechanical ventilation had little or no effect on mortality in intensive care at 28 days (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.76; participants 261; studies 2; I2: 68%), with little or no differences in ICU length of stay (MD 0.48; 95% CI −1.90 to 2.85; participants 284; studies 3; I2: 7%) or impact upon adverse events (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.50 to 1.09; participants 261; studies 2; I2: 0%). There is uncertainty about whether esophageal pressure monitoring reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation. Conclusions Evidence of low or very low certainty indicates that esophageal pressure monitoring during mechanical ventilation would produce little or no effect on Intensive Care Unit mortality, Intensive Care Unit length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation or adverse events. (AU)

Prone Team: A Large-Scale Prone Position Initiative During COVID-19 Pandemic.

AIM: To identify strategies to improve time to prone in ICUs during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for patients meeting the criteria for prone position ventilation. BACKGROUND: Healthcare systems worldwide experienced an influx of COVID-19 patients, especially in critical care. COVID-19 patients are at risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prone position ventilation is the standard of care for mechanically ventilated patients with moderate to severe ARDS. Prone maneuvers in and of itself are time-consuming and labor-intensive, posing additional risks to patients. APPROACH: Our academic medical center developed a travel proning team to address the rapid increase in COVID-19 patients with ARDS necessitating prone positioning. EVALUATION: Over a period of 30 days, 420 ICU patients were intubated, 131 had moderate to severe ARDS and underwent prone positioning. Patients were placed in prone position or returned to supine position more than 834 times over 38 days. At the highest point, 37 procedures were done in 24 hours. CONCLUSION: This quality initiative demonstrated that utilization of a traveling proning team provides efficiency in time to prone. Developing a travel prone team allowed for efficiency in time to prone, supported the ICU clinical teams, and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, which is essential during times of crisis.

Systematic early versus late mobilization or standard early mobilization in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of systematic early mobilization in improving muscle strength and physical function in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage systematic literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library until January 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of early mobilization initiated within 7 days after ICU admission compared with late mobilization, standard early mobilization or no mobilization. Priority outcomes were Medical Research Council Sum Score (MRC-SS), incidence of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW), 6-min walk test (6MWT), proportion of patients reaching independence, time needed until walking, SF-36 Physical Function Domain Score (PFS) and SF-36 Physical Health Component Score (PCS). Meta-analysis was conducted where sufficient comparable evidence was available. We evaluated the certainty of evidence according to the GRADE approach. RESULTS: We identified 12 eligible RCTs contributing data from 1304 participants. Two RCTs were categorized as comparing systematic early with late mobilization, nine with standard early mobilization and one with no mobilization. We found evidence for a benefit of systematic early mobilization compared to late mobilization for SF-36 PFS (MD 12.3; 95% CI 3.9-20.8) and PCS (MD 3.4; 95% CI 0.01-6.8), as well as on the proportion of patients reaching independence and the time needed to walking, but not for incidence of ICUAW (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.38-1.03) or MRC-SS. For systematic early compared to standard early mobilization, we found no statistically significant benefit on MRC-SS (MD 5.8; 95% CI - 1.4 to 13.0), incidence of ICUAW (RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.63-1.27), SF-36 PFS (MD 8.1; 95% CI - 15.3 to 31.4) or PCS (MD - 2.4; 95% CI - 6.1 to 1.3) or other priority outcomes except for change in 6MWT from baseline. Generally, effects appeared stronger for systematic early compared to late mobilization than to standard early mobilization. We judged the certainty of evidence for all outcomes as very low to low. CONCLUSION: The evidence regarding a benefit of systematic early mobilization remained inconclusive. However, our findings indicate that the larger the difference in the timing between the intervention and the comparator, the more likely an RCT is to find a benefit for early mobilization. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019122555).

Effects of a Complex Case Study and High-Fidelity Simulation on Mechanical Ventilation on Knowledge and Clinical Judgment of Undergraduate Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND: Improving nursing students' knowledge and clinical judgment related to mechanical ventilation (MV) is paramount, considering the heightened need for MV due to the current COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. High-fidelity simulation (HFS) provides students with real-life clinical experiences that they would rarely confront in clinical training, especially complex case scenarios (such as a patient needing MV). PURPOSE: This study assessed students' clinical knowledge and judgment after including HFS involving MV in an undergraduate nursing program. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental design with a convenience sample of 151 nursing students using the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the intervention and control groups in knowledge (t = 20.42; P = .001) and total clinical judgment scores (t = 19.55; P < .001) post-HFS. CONCLUSIONS: Including a complex case study using MV and HFS significantly improved students' clinical decision-making, clinical knowledge, and self-confidence and enhanced their critical thinking, noticing, interpreting, reflecting, and responding capabilities.

Impact of COVID-19 on nursing time in intensive care units in Belgium.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on nursing practice in intensive care unit and consequently, on workload. OBJECTIVE: To assess the nurse-patient ratio required by COVID-19 patients and to identify the factors that influence nursing in this context. DESIGN: This study was a retrospective observational study that evaluated the ratio using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS). SETTING: Three Belgian French-speaking hospitals, including five ICUs. Patients included COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study included 95 COVID-19 patients and 1604 non-COVID-19 patients (control group) resulting in 905 and 5453 NAS measures, respectively. The NAS was significantly higher among the COVID-19 patients than in the control group (p = <0.0001). In the COVID-19 group, these higher scores were also observed per shift and uniformly across the three hospitals. COVID-19 patients required more time in the activities of monitoring and titration (χ2 = 457.60, p = <0.0001), mobilisation (χ2 = 161.21, p = <0.0001), and hygiene (χ2 = 557.77, p = <0.0001). Factors influencing nursing time measured by NAS in the COVID-19 patients were age <65 years old (p = 0.23), the use of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (p = 0.002), a high APACHE II score (p = 0.006) and patient death (p = 0.002). A COVID-19 diagnosis was independently associated with an increase in nursing time (OR = 4.8, 95% CI:3.6-6.4). CONCLUSIONS: Patients hospitalised in the ICU due to COVID-19 require significantly more nursing time and need an average ratio of almost 1:1.

Nursing Management of Prone Positioning in Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: At the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Italy had the highest number of deaths in Europe; most occurred in the Lombardy region. Up to 4% of patients with COVID-19 required admission to an intensive care unit because they developed a critical illness (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome). Numerous patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who had been admitted to the intensive care unit required rescue therapy like prone positioning. OBJECTIVE: To describe the respiratory management of and the extensive use of prone positioning in patients with COVID-19 at the intensive care unit hub in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS: A total of 89 patients (67% male; median age, 59 years [range, 23-80 years]) with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted between February 23 and March 31, 2020, were enrolled in this quality improvement project. RESULTS: Endotracheal intubation was required in 86 patients (97%). Prone positioning was used as rescue therapy in 43 (48%) patients. Significantly more younger patients (age ≤ 59 years) were discharged alive (43 of 48 [90%]) than were older patients (age ≥ 60 years; 26 of 41 [63%]; P < .005). Among the 43 patients treated with prone ventilation, 15 (35% [95% CI, 21%-51%]) died in the intensive care unit, of which 10 (67%; P < .001) were older patients. CONCLUSIONS: Prone positioning is one strategy available for treating acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19. During this pandemic, prone positioning can be used extensively as rescue therapy, per a specific protocol, in intensive care units.

Nursing perspectives from an Italian ICU.

ABSTRACT: In Europe, the novel coronavirus outbreak started in the northern regions of Italy at the end of February 2020. Initially, resources were insufficient to deal with the abrupt influx of critically ill patients requiring respiratory support. This article recounts the authors' experiences caring for patients with COVID-19 in an Italian ICU during this period in order to help colleagues in the international critical care nursing community successfully manage similar circumstances in the ongoing pandemic.

Lista de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo de pacientes que ingresan a unidades de cuidados intensivos con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 / List of essential drugs for the management of patients admitted to intensive care units with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19

En el transcurso de la pandemia de COVID-19, numerosos países, de ingresos bajos, medianos y alto, han visto agotadas sus reservas de medicamentos esenciales necesarios para el manejo de los pacientes con COVID-19 en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El plan de preparación para emergencias sanitarias de los países requiere incluir una lista de medicamentos esenciales y otros dispositivos médicos necesarios en las UCI para afrontar emergencias sanitarias. La lista de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo de pacientes que ingresan a unidades de cuidados intensivos con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 es un documento de orientación fundamental que ayuda a los sistemas de salud de los países a priorizar los medicamentos esenciales que deben estar ampliamente disponibles y ser asequibles para manejar los pacientes en las UCI durante las situaciones de emergencia sanitaria, en este caso con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. Está dirigida a las autoridades sanitaras y a los encargados del manejo del sistema de salud de los países. Esta lista incluye fundamentalmente los medicamentos considerados esenciales para el manejo de los cuadros clínicos que con se observan con mayor frecuencia en pacientes hospitalizados en UCI a causa de una infección por SARS-CoV-2. No se incluyen la mayoría de los medicamentos que comúnmente se encuentran en las UCI para el manejo de otras patologías, comorbilidades o la estabilización del paciente (p. ej., insulina o antihipertensivos), salvo aquellos que pueden requerirse para el tratamiento o apoyo (p. ej., bloqueantes neuromusculares o anestésicos) de las dolencias generadas por la infección. Tampoco se incluyen medicamentos específicos para el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, puesto que no existe, por el momento, evidencia científica de alta calidad que avale su uso, salvo en el contexto de ensayos clínicos controlados. Un equipo de expertos en el tema realizó una búsqueda de información sobre la atención de pacientes en UCI durante la pandemia de COVID-19, en Medline (a través de PubMed), Cochrane, Tripdatabase, Epistemonikos y en buscadores generales de internet (Google). Se identificaron también revisiones o guías generadas por ministerios de Salud de varios países de la Región de las Américas, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el Instituto Nacional de Salud y Excelencia Clínica (NICE) de Reino Unido, los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de Estados Unidos y los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH) de Estados Unidos.

Nurses' Attitude, Behavior, and Knowledge Regarding Protective Lung Strategies of Mechanically Ventilated Patients.

The management of critically ill patients is complicated and often involves complex devices including mechanical ventilators (MVs), which may be associated with many complications. Protective lung strategies (PLSs) are used to prevent complications associated with MVs, but nurses may not possess adequate knowledge to optimize the efficacy of PLSs. This article reports findings from what is thought to be the first study in Palestine that explores critical care nurses' knowledge about PLSs. The purpose of this study was to assess the critical care nurses' attitude, behavior, and knowledge regarding PLSs of mechanically ventilated patients. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at both public and private hospitals in Palestine. The sample included nurses who worked in intensive care units and cardiac care units and utilized a previously developed and validated questionnaire. The result of the study concludes that the majority of the Palestinian critical care nurses agree with the utilization or application of PLSs but have a severe lack of knowledge about the strategies. This highlights the need to provide additional educational programs related to the optimum use of mechanical ventilation.

AANA Journal Course: Update for Nurse Anesthetists-Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation During General Anesthesia.

Optimal mechanical ventilatory support is a vital component of intraoperative anesthesia care, lung protection, and minimizing postoperative pulmonary sequela. Although concepts surrounding ventilation can be multifaceted and ambiguous, a pragmatic approach coupled with contemporary evidence and skilled assessments will facilitate ideal intraoperative management. Effective mechanical ventilation is dependent on obtaining the best pulmonary mechanics, including compliance, resistance, and gas exchange. Optimally titrated positive end-expiratory pressure is the foundation for ideal pulmonary mechanics, preventing ventilator-induced lung injury, and minimizing postoperative pulmonary complications. A knowledgeable application of pressure support ventilation can offer additional advantages during general anesthesia and emergence, providing synchronized ventilation and augmenting the patient's own respiratory efforts. These concepts, coupled with clinical expertise, will offer insight into the methods, tools, and techniques available to modern anesthetists.

Relationship Between Delirium and Ventilatory Outcomes in the Medical Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric diagnosis in intensive care units and often leads to extended hospital stays and an increased rate of complications. Delirium can be classified as hypoactive, hyperactive, or mixed. Hyperactive delirium is often accompanied by agitation, which is a predictive factor for unplanned extubation. Hypoactive delirium does not include outward agitation; its incidence and relationship to ventilatory outcomes, specifically unplanned extubation and duration of mechanical ventilation, are relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence rate of each delirium type in the first 7 days after intensive care unit admission and explore the relationship between delirium type and ventilatory outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study that enrolled adult patients consecutively admitted to a medical intensive care unit over 12 months. Data were abstracted on patient demographic variables, daily clinical variables (morning and evening delirium, coma, and sedation scores), and outcome variables (unplanned extubation, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation). RESULTS: We enrolled 171 patients in the study. Hypoactive delirium occurred in up to 44% of patients. Of 25 instances of unplanned extubation, up to 74% of patients had hypoactive delirium. Delirium was not a predictor of unplanned extubation; smoking history, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and failed breathing trials best predicted unplanned extubation (odds ratios = 3.2, 5.2, and 12.6, respectively; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoactive delirium is common among intensive care unit patients and may precede unplanned extubation. Patient history and comorbidities remain the strongest predictors of unplanned extubation.